My research interests focus on the design, synthesis, and characterization of functional polymers at surfaces and interfaces for applications ranging from controlled release of bioactive compounds to organic electronics devices. Powerful tools such as combinatorial characterization techniques, high-throughput synthesis, soft x-ray spectroscopy, and neutron scattering methods are utilized in investigations both fundamental in nature and directed towards specific technologies. Completed projects include the synthesis of a model platform to study polymer erosion, the design and optimization of a parallel micro-dissolution apparatus, and the systematic investigations of interfacial chemistry on the material microstructure and electrical performance of organic field effect transistors. Polyanhydride-based Libraries for the Controlled Release of Bioactive Molecules Polyanhydrides are an important class of hydrolytically degradable biomaterials for controlled release applications. They are ideal candidates to stabilize biomacromolecules such as therapeutic proteins, vaccines, and growth factors because they exhibit surface erosion behavior. However, polyanhydrides are limited by poor processability, low solubility in common solvents, and their hydrophobicity. Moreover, choosing a copolymer composition that can effectively stabilize a given therapy is not trivial and is complicated by a large parameter space. For instance, factors to consider for a controlled release device are polymer degradation, drug release kinetics and therapeutic stability. We addressed these challenges by 1) developing a model bulk eroding polyanhydride by the addition of ethylene glycol segments to the monomers and 2) developing high throughput microwave polymerization, parallel library synthesis and characterization methods for polyanhydride copolymers. Copolymers were synthesized to tailor the hydrophobicity of the polyanhydride, tune the solubility of molecules within the polymer, and vary the polymer degradation rate. Moreover, since these oligoethylene glycol homopolymers undergo bulk erosion, copolymers with other anhydride monomers allow the study of the fundamental nature of the erosion process without changing chemistries. Following the high-throughput synthesis of different copolymer compositions, a parallel microdissolution measurement device was developed using a lithographic rapid prototyping process. The device (2” by 3” dimensions) was used to measure simultaneously the release kinetics of twenty-five copolymers.

Effect of Chemically Modified Dielectric Interfaces on Semiconducting Polymer Chain Orientation and Organic Field Effect Transistors

Conjugated organic semiconductors such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) have shown promise for use in applications such as flexible display technology and radio frequency identification tags. Unlike inorganic materials, organic device performance is strongly dependent on the structure and properties of the interfaces between materials. However, a clear understanding of the effect of interfacial properties on the structure and electrical characteristics of the polymer, however, remains incomplete. We employ two strategies to vary the interfacial chemistry to clarify the influence of either surface energy or chemical functionality on the chain orientation and electrical properties of FETs made from P3HT. First, linear surface energy gradients were prepared by systematically oxidizing several aliphatic silane chemically modified surfaces with a UV ozone lamp. P3HT was spin coated on top of these substrates and the polymer axis tilt was determined using Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. We find a weak dependence of chain orientation on substrate surface energy and some dependence on the aliphatic surface functionality. Second, the chemical functionality at the polymer/monolayer interface was modified using a versatile monolayer chemistry based on isocyanate-amine chemistry. Our previous results showed that surface bound isocyanates will not react with amines at the solid-liquid interface. However, by coupling the amine and isocyanate in solution and then depositing, silicon surfaces were prepared with functionalities such as thiophene, fluorene, pyrene, pyridine and octadecane. This strategy allowed for the production of monolayers with tailored functionality to systematically quantify, for example, the effect of a strong dipole and the interfacial chemical composition on the electronic properties of the semiconducting polymer. In one study, octadecyl triethoxy silane and 1-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)-3-octadecylurea were used as dielectric modifications to evaluate the effect of a buried dipole on organic transistor performance. These chemistries provide identical polymer/ monolayer interfaces; however, the urea monolayer has a buried dipole that should affect the electrical properties of the transistor. We measure the relative surface coverage of the modified interface using NEXAFS and characterize the monolayer before coating with polymer. Transistor measurements were used to evaluate the effect of the two monolayer chemistries on the electronic properties of the semiconducting polymer. Using this chemistry, we find that strong dipoles buried in the dielectric layer can strongly influence the device properties.

References:

JOURNAL ARTICLES:

1. B.M. Vogel, D. M. DeLongchamp, C.M. Mahoney, L.A. Lucas, D.A. Fischer, E.K. Lin “Investigation of “Graft-to” versus “Graft-from” Reactions with g-Isocyanatopropyl Triethoxy Silane”, submitted to Langmuir.

2. Maria del Pilar Torres, B.M. Vogel, S.K. Mallapragada, and B. Narasimhan, “Erosion Mechanism of Polyanhydrides Containing Oligomeric Ethylene Glycol”, The Journal of Biomedical Research Part A, 102-110 (2006).

3. D. M. DeLongchamp, B. M. Vogel, Y. Jung, M. C. Gurau, C. A. Richter, O. Kirillov, J. Obrzut, D. A. Fischer, S. Sambasivan, L. J. Richter, E. K. Lin, “Variations in Semiconducting Polymer Microstructure and Hole Mobility with Spin Coating Speed”, Chemistry of Materials, 17, 5610-5612 (2005).

4. B.M. Vogel, Naomi Eidelman, S.K. Mallapragada and B. Narasimhan, “Parallel Synthesis and Dissolution Testing of Polyanhydride Random Copolymers”, Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry, 7, 921-928 (2005).

5. B.M. Vogel, S.K. Mallapragada, “Synthesis of Novel Biodegradable Polyanhydrides Containing Aromatic and Glycol Functionality for Tailoring of Hydrophilicity in Controlled Drug Delivery Devices”, Biomaterials, 26, 721-728 (2004).

6. S. Lin-Gibson, S. Bencherif, J.A. Cooper, J.M. Antonucci, B.M. Vogel and N.R. Washburn, “Synthesis and Characterization of PEG Dimethacrylates and their Hydrogels”, Biomacromolecules, 5, 1280-1287 (2004).

7. B.M. Vogel, S.K. Mallapragada, and B. Narasimhan, “Rapid Synthesis of Polyanhydrides By Microwave Polymerization”, Macromolecular Rapid Communications 25, 330-333 (2004).

PATENTS:

1. B.M. Vogel, S.K. Mallapragada, and B. Narasimhan, U.S. Patent Application Serial Number: 11/275,184, BIODEGRADABLE POLYANHYDRIDES CONTAINING GLYCOL FUNCTIONALITY, Pending.

2. B.M. Vogel, S.K. Mallapragada, and B. Narasimhan, U.S. Patent Application Serial Number: 11/275,168, SYNTHESIS OF ANHYDRIDE CONTAINING POLYMERS BY MICROWAVE RADIATION, Pending.

BOOK CHAPTERS:

1. B.M. Vogel and S.K. Mallapragada, “The Synthesis of Polyanhydrides”, in Handbook of Biodegradable Materials and their Applications, edited by S.K. Mallapragada and Balaji Narasimhan, Volume 1, 1-19 (2005).

2. K. Beers and B.M. Vogel, “The Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Polymeric Discrete Libraries”, edited by S.K. Mallapragada and Balaji Narasimhan, submitted.