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456 BC The Spartans finaly subdues the Messenians and the Helots. Tolmides lands with a force of Athenians at Methone in Laconia. He seizes and burns Gytheium and takes all the cities on Cephallenia. He seizes Naupactus and settles it with Messenians.
455 BC Pericles the son of Xanthippus, is elected general in Athens. He ravages parts of the Peloponnesus and wins over all the cities in Acarnania, except Oeniadae, to Athens
455 BC The Aequi are defeated at Algidus. The consuls sell the booty.
454 BC War between Egesta and Lilybaeum in Sicily. Tyndarides attempts to seize supreme power in Syracuse, but is put to death. Ostracism is introduced in Syracuse, but is soon abolsished.
454 BC The tribunes offer the patrcians a compromise. Commissioners are sent to Athen to copy the law of Solon.
453 BC Pericles defeats the Sicyonians and ravages their territory. He is unable to take Sycon itself, and instead withdraws to Acarnania, where he plunders the territory of Oeniadae. Tolmides marches into Euboea. Syracuse sends Phayllus against Tyrrhenia. Phayllus is bribed by the Tyrrhenians, and is upon returning to Syracuse, found guilty of treachery and exiled. The Syracusans choose Apelles as their new general. He plunders much of Tyrrhenia and Cyrnus which is held by the Tyrrhenians. Ducetius gather all the Siceli, except Hybla, into a common federation. He moves the city of Menae and founds Palice. The Sybarites refounds Sybaris.
453 BC Rome is struck by famine and pestilence.
452 BC The commissioners return from Athen
451 BC Ducetius of the Siceli seizes the city of Aetna and lays siege to Motyum. The Acragantini and the Syracusans come to aid the city but are defeated. Bolcon, the Syracusan general, is found guilty of treason and put to death. The new Syracusan general defeats Ducetius at Nomae. The Acragantini forces the capitulation of the Siceli garrison at Motyum. Fearing his own men, Ducetius takes refuge in Syracuse. The Syracusans send him in exile to Corinth.
451 BC Ten decemviri are appointed to reform the laws. The presidency is entrusted to Appius Claudius. Their work are presented on ten tabels.
450 BC Athens sends Cimon against the Persians on Cyprus. Cimon takes Citium and Marium. He defeats the Persian fleet and a Persian army under Anaxicrates in Cilicia. Anaxicrates is slain in the battle.
450 BC New decemvirs are elected. Appius is re-elected. The decemvirs begin abusing their powers and refuse to hold re-elections. The Sabines raid Roman territory. The Aequi march into the territory of Tusculum. Great unrest in the City. Q. Fabius is defeated by the Sabines at Eretum. M. Cornelius is defeated by the Aequi on Algidus. The plebs and the soldiers revolt. The decemvirs lay down their office.
449 BC Cimon lays siege to Salamis on Cyprus. Artaxerxes makes peace with Athens. The Athenians withdraws their armaments from Cyprus. Cimon dies of an illness on Cyprus.
449 BC Consul and tribunes are again appointed. The plebs right to appeal is confirmed. Appius and Oppius commits suicide before his trial come. War with the Sabines, Aequi and the Volscians. Consul Lucius Valerius defeats the Aequi and the Volscians on Algidus. Consul Marcus Horatius defeats the Sabines. The consuls are refused a triumph by the senate, but is granted one by the people
448 BC Megara revolts from the Athenians, and concludes an alliance with the Lacedaemonians. The Athenians send soldiers who plunder the Megarian territory and defeats the Megarian army.
447 BC The Lacedaemonians invade Attica. After ravaging the countryside, they retreats to the Peloponnesus. Tolmides seizes Chaeroneia. The Boeotians ambush Tolmides at Coroneia. Tolmides is slain and his army destroyed. Oligarchies are reinstated in Boeotia.
446 BC Many cities revolts from the Athenians, chief among them Euboea. Pericles campaigns in Euboea and takes Hestiaea, and removes the inhabitants. The other cities he forces back into obedience to Athens. A thirty years truce is made between Sparta and Athens. Ducetius of the Siceli returns to Sicily. Because of this, the Acragantini declares war against the Syracusans. The Syracusans defeats the Acragantini at the Himera River. Peace is concluded between the Acraganti and the Syracusans.
446 BC The Aequi and Volscians plunders Latin territory. Consul Titus Quinctius defeats the Aequi and Volscians at Corbio.
445 BC Athens regains control of Euboea. Colonists are sent to Hestiaea.
445 BC Tribune C. Canuleius proposes laws about alowing intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and to elect consuls from both the patricians and the pleibians. Ardea revolt. Veii ravages the Roman frontier. The Aequi and Volscians protest the fortifying of Verrugo. The interrmarriage laws passes.
444 BC The Crotoniates again drives the Sybrites out of Sybaris. With the aid of the Athenians the Sybarites refounds their city with the new name Thurium. Civil strife errupts in Thurium and most of the former Sybarites are killed.
444 BC For the first time, military tribunes with consular powers are elected. The treaty with Ardea is renewed.
443 BC The Sybarites flee to the Trais River where they are destroyed by the Brettii
443 BC Lucius Papirius Mugilanus and L. Sempronius Atratinus are the first to be appointed censor. Internal strife in Ardea. The Ardean plebs ask the Volscians under the leadership of Cluilius, for aid, the Ardean patrisians ask Rome. The Volscians are defeated and retreats to the area of Tusculum. The inhabitants of Tusculums defeats the Volscians.
442 BC War between the Thurians and the Tarantini.
442 BC Colonists are sent to Ardea.
441 BC War between the Samians and the Milesians. The Samians revolts from Athens. Pericles sails to Samos, takes the city and establish democracy. Civil discord aroses in Samos. One party gains support from Pissuthnes, the Persian satrap at Sardis. They seizies the island and expelles the opposing men. Samos again revolts from Athens. Pericles defeats the Samians and lay siege to the city. The city falls. Pericles takes their ships, razes the city walls and restore democracy.
440 BC Ducetius founds the city of Cale Acte. He lays claim to the leadership of the Siceli, but he falls ill and dies. The Syracusans defeat and destroy Trinacie, the last free city of the Siceli.
440 BC Rome is struck by famine.
439 BC Spurius Maelius conspires to make himself king of Rome. Lucius Quinctius is appointed Dictator. When Maelius refuses to stand trial, he is killed by C. Servilius, the Master of Horse.
438 BC Fidenae revolts to Lars Tolumnius, king of Veii
437 BC Mamercus Aemilius is appointed Dictator Tolumnius retreats back across the Anio. He recieves aid from the Falerii. Aemilius defeats the Etruscans. Tolumnius falls in the battle.
436 BC Epedemic in Rome.
435 BC Civil strife in Epidamnus. The losing party is expelled from the city. They gain the help of the Illyrians who plunders the Epidamnian countryside. When Corcyra do nothing, the Epidamnians ask Corinth for aid, and place Epidamnus under her protection. Corinth sends soldiers and colonists to Epidamnus. War breaks out between Corcyra and Corinth.
435 BC The territory of Epidamnus is plundered by barbarians. When they are denied help from Corcyra, they place themselves under the protection of Corinth. The Corcyraeans lay siege to Corinth. Corinth declares war against Corcyra. The Corinthian fleet sails for Epidamnus. The Corcyraeans defeat the Corinthian fleet. The Corcyraeans ravage the territory of Leucas and burns Cyllene, the harbour of the Eleans. Corinth sends troops to Actium to support her allies against Corcyra
435 BC The Fidenates and the Veientes attacks Rome. Q. Servilius is appointed Dictator. He defeats them at Nomentum. The enemy retreats to Fidenae. Fidenae is taken by tunneling
434 BC Corinth begins rebuilding her navy.
433 BC Corcyra gains a defense alliance with Athens. Corinth and her allies send a fleet against Corcyra. The fleet anchors at Chimerium at Thesprotis. The Corcyraean fleet, under Meikiades, Aisimides and Eurybatus, stations itself at the Sybota isles. It contains a small Athenian contigent under Lacedaemonius, Diotimus and Proteas. The Corinthian and the Corcyrian fleets meet at Sybota. The Corinthians are victorius, but the Corcyraean fleet is saved by the intervention of the Athenians. The Corinthians take possesion of Sybota. The Corinthian fleet advances to invade Corcyra, but retreats to Sybota when twenty new Athenian ships arrives. The joint Athenian and Corcyraean fleet sails to Sybota. After some negotiations, the Corinthian fleet is allowed to sail home. On the way home, the Corinthian fleet takes Anactorium. The Athenians orders Potidae in Pallene, who is both a Corinthian colony and Athenian ally, to raze her walls and dismiss the Corinthian magistrates.
433 BC Mamercus Aemilius is appointed Dictator. The nation council of Etruria refuses to help Veii. Mamercus limits the censorship to 18 months. Pestilence in Rome.
432 BC King Perdiccas of Macedonia turns against the Athenians when they enter an alliance whit his brother Philip and Derdas who are his enemies. He tries to make the Chalcidians and the Bottiaeans revolt against Athens. The Athenians send an army under Archestratus against the Macedonians and to ensure the loyalty of Potidaea and her neighbours. Potidaea, with the aid of Corinth, obtains promises of support from Lacedaemon. Potidaea enters into league with the Chalcidians and Bottiaeans and revolts. Corinth sends an army under Aristeus to aid the Potidaeans. The Athenian army in Macedonia takes Therme and lays siege to Pydna. The Athenians send reinforcements to Macedonia under Callias. The Athenians concludes an alliance with Perdiccas. They withdraw from Macedonia, going first to Beroea and then to Strepsa. Unable to take Strepsa they march against Potidaea. Perdiccas leaves the alliance with Athens and sends forces to aid Aristeus. Callias defeats Aristeus but is himself slain. Aristeus retreats inside Potidaea. The Athenians lay siege to Potidaea. The Athenians sends an army under Phormio to reinforce the siege. Aristeus is able to escape from the city and continues the war in Chalcidice.
431 BC Winter: Corinth sends forces under the command of Euphamidas, Timoxenus and Eumachus against Astacus. They succedes in restoring the tyrant Evarchus to power. A descent upon Cranian territory in Cephallenia fails. The Athenians give a funeral on public cost to those fallen in the war.
431 BC Autumn: Pericles invades the Megarid. He is reinforced by the fleet returning from Peloponnesus. The Athenians fortifies Atalanta.
431 BC Summer: A Theban force under Pythangelus and Diemporus takes Plataea by treachery. The Plataeans attacks the Theban forces in the city during the night. Almost all the Thebans are killed or captured. A relief force is sent from Thebes, but arrives to late. Upon the retreat of the Thebans, the Plataeans put all the captives to death. Athens garrisons Plataea. The treaty being broken, both Athens and Lacedaemon prepares for war. The Peloponnesians under king Archidamus of Sparta invades Attica. The Boeotians ravages the territory of Plataea. The Athenian people take refuge inside the city. Archidamus tries to take Oenoe by assault, but this fails. He then continues the march into Attica. Archidamus ravages Eleusis and the Thriasian plain and reaches Acharnae. No actions takes place except cavalry skirmishes. Athens sends a fleet against Peloponnese under command of Carcinus, Proteas and Socrates. When their provisions ends, the Peloponnesians retreats through Boeotia, ravaging the territory of Graea. The Athenian fleet in Peloponnese, reinforced by a Corcyraean squadron, attempts to take Methone in Laconia, but this fails. They ravages the territory of Phea in Elis, and defeats a relief force. The Messenians takes Pheia. Pheia is evacuated and the Athenians continues their ravaging. Cleopompus takes Thronium and defeats the Locrians at Alope. The Athenians expells the Aeginetans and sends settlers to Aegina. The Aeginetans are settled in Thyrea by Lacedaemon. Solar eclipse. Athens gains the alliance of king Sitalces of the Odrysians. The Athenians make peace to king Perdiccas of the Macedonians and restore Therme to him. The Athenian fleet in Peloponnese takes Sollium and Astacus. Evarchus, tyrant of Astacus, is expelled and Astacus joins the Delian League. They gain the support of Cephallenia without force. The fleet begins the journey home.
431 BC Sparta demands that the Athenians raise the siege of Potidaea, respect the independence of Aegina and stop the economic blocade of Megara. At the advice of Pericles, the Athens will do none of these.
431 BC War brakes out againts the Volscians and Aequi. The enemy march to Algidus. The consuls refuses to appoint a Dictator. With the approval of the senate, the tribunes force the consuls to stand down. A. Postumius Tubertus is appointed Dictator. He marches against the Volscians and Aequi. They attack the Roman camps at night, but are defeated. The Dictator enters the City in triumph.
430 BC Summer: Archidamus invades Attica. Plague breaks out in Athens. Many dies. The Peloponnesians advance to Laurium. The Athenians sends a fleet for Peloponnese. They ravage the territory of Epidaurus, Troezen, Halieis, Hermione and Prasiai. Prasiai is taken and sacked. The fleet then returns home. The Peloponnesians return home. Hagnon is sent against the Chalcidians. He joins his forces with those besieging Potidaea, but plague breaks out in the camp.
430 BC The Aequi obtains an eight years truce.
428 BC The Veientines make inroads into Roman territory. Rome is strucked by drought.
427 BC War is declared against Veii.
426 BC Because disidence between the three military tribunes leading the war against Veii, the Romans are defeated. Mamercus Aemilius is appointed Dictator. Fidenae joins Veii. The Veientines cross the Tiber and march to Fidenae. The Dictator defeats the Etruscians. Fidenae is taken and plundered. The Dictator returns in triumph.
425 BC An eighteen years truce is granted Veii and a three years truce the Aequi.
423 BC The Samnites take the Etruscian city Volturnus. War against the Volscians. Consul C. Sempronius fights an indesisive battle against the Volscians.
421 BC War against the Aequi. Consul Numerius Fabius gains an easy victory. Unrest in the city. The number of qaestors is proposed doubled, but the fails when the tribunes demands the plebians right to be elected. The tribunes make many revolutionary proposals, including the Agrarian Law. The tribunes veto the election of consuls. Four military tribunes is elected. Four qaestor are elected, the post being open to both patricians and plebs.
420 BC The Campanians takes Cumae from the Greeks
419 BC The slaves plan to set fire to the City and revolt, but they are betrayed by informants.
418 BC The Aequi allies with the Labicians. They ravage Tusculan territory and set up camp at Algidus. The military tribunes quarrel between themselves about who shal be in command. Military tribune L. Sergius is defeated by the Aequi. The Romans retreat to Tusculum. Q. Servilius Priscus is appointed Dictator. The Dictator defeats the Aequi. The Labicians and much of the Aequi flee to Labici. Labici is taken and plundered. Colonists are sent to Labici.
416 BC Tribunes Sp. Maecilius and M. Metilius propose that captured enemy territory should be assigned to individual owners.
415 BC The Bolani attack the colonists at Labici, but are easly defeated and Bolae is captured but not colonised.
414 BC The Aequi recaptures Bolae. Military tribune M. Postumius Regillensis defeats the Aequi and takes Bolae. Unrest in the army. The unrest is attempted quelled by Postumius, but he is killed by a shower of stones.
413 BC The Volscians ravages Hernican territory. They are defeated by consul Furius at Ferentinum. Ferentinum and its territory are given to the Hernici.
412 BC Pestilence in Rome.
411 BC Famine in Rome.
410 BC War with the Aequi. Tribune M. Menenius obstructs the leveing of troops. The Aequi seizes the citadel of Carventum. Consul C. Valerius Potitus recaptures Carventum.
409 BC Three plebians are elected quaestors. This is the first time a plebian serves as quaestor. The Volscians and Aequi raids the Latin and Hernican territories. The tribunes oppose the raising of troops. The Aequi captures the citadel of Carventum. Verrugo is retaken but the siege against Carventum fails.
408 BC The Aequi and Volscians make camp at Antium. The senate attempt to appoint a Dictator, but meet resistance from the consular tribunes. The tribunes of the plebs refuses to intervene. P. Cornelius is at least appointed Dictator. He defeats the enemy at Antium, devastates the Volscian territory and takes the fort at Lake Fucinus.
407 BC The Volscians take Verrugo, but are defeated by the army coming to late to relieve the garrison.
406 BC The consular tribunes ravage the Volscian territory. Consular tribune Numerius Fabius takes the city of Anxur. The senate decree that the soliers should recieve pay from the public treasury. War is declared against Veii.
405 BC The consular tribunes lay siege to Veii. The national council of the Etruscans at Voltumna is unable to reach a decision.
404 BC The siege of Veii continue with less vigour. The Romans defeats the Volscians between Ferentinum and Ecetrae. The consular tribunes take the Volscian city of Artena. The city and citadel are demolished.
403 BC Veii elects a king. This offends the Etruscans who decides not to send any help. The Romans continue the siege. The consular tribunes begin building winter quarters in order to continue the war through the winter. The tribunes of the plebs protest to no avail
402 BC The Volscians capture Anxur. The Capenates and the Faliscans come to the aid of Veii. They break the siege, much because of personal rivalries between consular tribunes Verginius and Sergius. New consular tribunes enter office 1st October instead of 13th December, the usual day.
401 BC Verginius and Sergius are sentenced to a fine of 10 000 ases each. The camp at Veii is recaptured and the territories of Capenae and Falerii. The Romans lay siege to Anxur. The tribunes prevent the collection of the war-tax.
400 BC P. Licinius Calvus is the first plebian to be elected consular tribune. The tribunes allow the collection of the war-tax. Anxur is recaptured.
399 BC Pestilence in Rome. Capenae and Falerii again attempts to break the siege of Veii, but are defeated
398 BC The siege of Veii continue. The territories of Falerii and Capenae are ravaged.
397 BC The siege of Veii continue. Tarquinii raids Roman territory, but the raiding party is destroyed on its way back. The Gauls overrun much of Etruria. Consular tribunes Titinius and Genucius are ambushed by the Faliscans and Capenates. Genucius is slain.
396 BC M. Furius Camillus is appointed Dictator. He defeats the Faliscans and Capenates at Nepete. Camillus captures Veii by making a mine into the city. Veii is sacked and complitly destroyed. The temple of Juno is transfered to Rome. Peace is made with the Volscians and Aequi.
289 BC After the death of Agathocles, his dispossesed Campanian mercenaries take possession of the city of Messene. The mercenaries are known as the Mamertines.
283 BC Consul Cornelius devastates the towns of the Senones. The Senones in Etruria attacks consul Domitius, but are defeated. Those who Senones who survives, slay themselves.
282 BC After the urging of Philocharis, the people of Tarentum attacks Cornelius and sink four of his ships. They sack the city of Thurii, dismissing the Roman garrison. The Roman embassy to Tarentum is mocked.
281 BC Tarentum gain the alliance of king Pyrrhus of Epirus.
280 BC Pyrrhus arrives in Tarentum. A peace offer from Pyrrhus is declined. Pyrrhus marches towards Rome, but when reaching Anagnia, turns back to Campania.
279 BC Decius, leader of Rhegium garrison, makes himself supreme ruler of Rhegium and gains an alliance with the Mamertines.
278 BC The Molossians revolts against Pyrrhus. Peace offers from Pyrrhus is again declined, but all of Romes prisoners are released. Pyrrhus sails for Sicily. Fabricius restores Rhegium to its proper inhabitants. The guards are beaten and beheaded. Decius commits suicide
276 BC The Carthaginians drives Pyrrhus out of Sicily. He sails for Rhegium, but are defeated by the Carthaginians in a sea battle.
275 BC The Syracusan army, while stationed at Merganè, elect as its commanders Artemidorus and Hiero. Hiero quickly becomes the most influental man in Syracuse. He then begins a war against the Mamertines. At the battle of Centuripa, he lets his mutinous mercenaries be cut down, and then retreats to Syarcuse.
271 BC The Romans take Rhegium by force, the three hundred prisoners are scourged and beheaded in the forum. Rhegium is handed back to its orginial inhabitants.
268 BC Hiero defeats the Mamertines on the Mylaean plain and takes their leaders prisoners. When he returns to Syracuse, he is greeted as king.
264 BC The Mamertines decide they need foreign aid against the Syracuse. Some are in favour of Carthage while others ask the Romans for support. In Rome, it is decided by popular vote to relieve the Mamertines. Consul Appius Claudius is elected to the command. Upon recieving news about Appius' army, the Mamertines oust the Cartaginians. The Cartaginians lay siege to the city. Hiero makes a treaty with the Carthaginians and join the siege of Messene. The Romans cross the strait by night and get into the city unharmed. Appius attacks and defeats the Syracusans, after which he retires back into the city. Hiero retreats to Syracuse. Appius then defeats the Cartaginians. After having plundered enemy territory for some time, Appian proceeds to lay siege to Syracuse.
263 BC Most Sicilian cities revolt from Carthage and Syracuse to Rome. King Hiero of Syarcuse makes peace with the Romans, paying them hundred talents in indemnities. The Carthaginians enlist a large number of Ligurians, Celts and Iberians, and make Agrigentum headquarter for their Sicilian operations.
262 BC Consuls Lucius Postumius and Quintus Mamilius lay siege to Agrigentum. The Carthaginians sally forth, but are beaten back. Carthage dispatches Hanno with reinforcments to Siciliy. He lands at Heracleia and prosceeds to take Herbesus. Hanno attempts to break the Roman siege of Agrigentum, but is defeated in a pitched battle. Hannibal, commander of the Agrigentum, garrison, escapes undeteced with is man by night. The Romans capture and plunders the undefended city.
261 BC The Romans begin building a fleet to challenge the Carthaginians at sea.
260 BC Carthaginian commander Boġdes captures 20 Roman ships and its commander, Gnaes Cornelius Scipio is forced to surrender. The Romans construct the corvi to help them bord enemy ships. In a sea battle at Mylae, Hannibal is defeated by Gaius Duilius, but Hannibal himself escapes in the ship's boat. The Romans raise the siege of Segesta and captures Macella by assault. Hamilcar, commander the Carthaginian land forces defeats the Roman allies. Hannibal crosses to Sardinia, but is blockaded by the Romans and lose many ships. He is arrested and crucified by his own men.
258 BC Consuls Aulus Atilius and Gaius Sulpicius offers the Carthaginias battle at their wintering headquarter at Panormus, bu the Carthaginians refuse. The Romans captures Hippiana, Myttistratum and Camarina, and lay siege to Lipara.
257 BC Consul Gaius Atilius fights the Carthaginians in a sea battle at Tyndaris. Atilius and the advanced squadron is defeated, but the Carthaginians are driven bak when the rest of the Roman ships arrive.
256 BC In a major sea battle at Ecnomus, Conuls Marucs Atilius Regulus and Lucius Manlius defeat the Carthaginians under Hanno and Hamilcar. The Roman fleet crosses to Libya where they lay siege to the city of Aspis. The surviving Carthaginians returns home to protect their capital. Aspis falls to the Romans and a garrison is installed. Marcus Attilus Regulus remains in Africa with an army, while the rest of the Romans sails back to Italy. The Carthaginians appoint Hasdrubal and Bostarus generals and recall Hamilcar from Sicily.
255 BC Regulus begins plundering the African countryside and lays siege to Adys. The Carthaginians try to break the siege but are defeated. Regulus captures Tunes hand fixes his headquarters there. The Numidians raid Carthaginian territory. Regulus proposes harsh terms but they are rejected. The Spartan mercenary general Xanthippus is appointed commander of the Carthaginian army. Xanthippus inflicts a crushing defeat upon Regulus. Regulus himself is made prisoner, and most of his army is slaughtered. The surviving Romans escapes to Aspis. Xanthippus leaves Carthage for Greece. An attempt by the Carthaginians to take Aspis by siege fails. The Romans prepares a relief fleet under Consuls Marcus Aemilius and Servius Fulvius. Crossing over to Libya, they defeat a Carthaginian squadron at Hermaeum and pick up the survivors at Aspis before returning to Sicily. Upon its arrival, most of the Roman fleet goes down during a storm at Camarina. The Carthaginians dispatch Hasdrubal to Sicily.
254 BC The Romans build a new fleet to replace that sunken by the storm. Consuls Aulus Atilius and Gnaeus Cornelius capture Panormus.
238 BC Hamilcar crosses with his army into Spain, and begins to plunders the territory of the Spaniards.
229 BC Hamilcar is defeated and slain by the Spaniards. His son-in-law, Hasdrubal is appointed commander of all the Carthaginian forces in Spain. Hasdrubal conquers all the territory south of the river Iberus. A treaty between Rome and Carthage it is agreed tha the Iberus shal be the northern border of Carthaginian power in Spain.

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