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5500 BC As northern Africa becomes drier, the attraction of fertile Nile valley grows.
4800 BC The beginnig of the earliest Neolitich cultures, at the Faiyum and Merimda, in the Nile valley.
3000 BC At about this time, the unification of Egypt is complete, whit Aha as the first pharaoh of both Upper and Lower Egypt.
1225 BC Agron son of Ninus obtaines the kingdom of Lydia by an oracle. He is the first of the Heraclides on the Lydian throne.
753 BC Romulus founds Rome. He calls into seervice twelve lictors and create hundred senators. At the games in honour of Equestrian Neptune, the Roman youth carry off all the visiting maidens present. King Titus Tatius of the Sabines, and the cities of Caenina, Crustumerium and Antemnae prepare for war against Rome. Romulus takes Caenina, Antemnae and Crustumerium. War breaks out between Rome and the Sabines. The Sabines take the Roman citadel with deciet. The ensuing battle is stopped by the Sabine women. Peace is made between the Romans and the Sabines. Romulus and T. Tatius rules jointly. King Tatius is killed at Lavinium by the Laurentines. Romulus captures Fidenae. Romulus defeats the Veientes but does not assault Veii itself. A truce is made between Veii and Rome. Romulus disappears in a cloud.
728 BC Deioces, son of Phraortes, is made king of Medes by an assembly. The city of Agbatana is built as captial. The nation of Medes consists of the Busae, the Paretaceni, the Struchates, the Arizanthi, the Budii, and the Magi.
720 BC King Candaules of Lydia is killed by Gyges, the son of Dascylus. Gyges is the first of the Mermnadae on the Lydian throne. He makes onroad on Miletus and Smyrna, and takes the city of Colophon
717 BC Numa Pompilius from Cures is elected by the senate as new king of Rome. He forms treaties with all of Romes neighbours. He makes a calender, appoints Flamen for Juptier, Mars and Quirinius and the Pontifex Maximus
682 BC King Gyges of Lydia is succeded by his son, Ardys. Ardys takes Priene and makes war upon Miletus. The Cimmerians are driven from their homes by the Scythians. They invade Asia and captures Sardis, all but the citadel.
675 BC Deioces of Medes dies. He is succeded by his son Phraortes. Phraortes conquers Persia
673 BC Numa is succeded by Tullus Hostilius.. War is declared on Alba, ruled by Gaius Cluilius. The Albans fix their camp five miles from the City. Cluilius dies, and the Albans make Mettius Fufetius dictator. The conflict is resolved with a duel between the three brothers Horatii and the thre brothers Curiatii. The Roman Horatii win the battle, but only one of the brothers survives. After the counsel of Mettius, Fidenae revolts and Veii also declares war. Tullus defeats the Fidenates and the Veientines. Tullus has Mettius executed. He moves the entire Alban population to Rome. Alba is destroyed. Tullus proclaims war against the Sabines. He defeats the Sabines at the Silva Malitiosa. Tullus is killed by lightning.
653 BC Phraortes of Medes attacks Assyria, but perishes with the greater part of his army. His son Cyaxares becomes king of Medes. He lay siege to Nineveh, but at the same time, Media is invaded by the Scythians under king Madyes, son of Prtotohyes. The Scythians defeats the Medes and march against Egypt, but Psammetichus of Egypt turns them with gifts and prayers.
641 BC Tullus is succeded by Ancus Martius. Ancus declares war on the Latins. He takes Politorium, Tellenae and Ficana. The final battle is fought at the city of Medullia. Ancus is victorius. The Mesian Forest is taken from the Veientines. The city of Ostia is built.
633 BC King Ardys of Lydia is succeded by his son, Sadyattes.
627 BC Sadyattes of Lydia makes war against the Milesians. The Milesians recieves help from Chios. Sadyattes plunders the Milsesian territory yearly.
625 BC Cyaxares takes Nineveh and conquers Assyria
625 BC Cyaxares makes the Scythians dead drunk at a banquet and massacres them. Cyaxeres regains his empire.
621 BC Alyattes continues the war against the Milesians, plundering their territory each year. He defeats them at Limeneium and on the plain of the Maeander.
621 BC Sadyattes of Lydia is succeded by his son, Alyattes. Alyattes wages war with king Cyaxares of Media, conquers Smyrna and drives the Cimmerians out of Asia. He invades Clazomenae, but is defeated.
616 BC Lucius Tarquinius Priscus is elected king. Tarquinius declares war on the Latins and takes the town of Apiolae. The Circus Maximus is founded. The Sabines attacks Rome, but are defeated. Tarquinius marches into Sabine territory. The Sabines are defeated and must surrender Collatia. Tarquinius declares war on the Latins and takes Corniculum, Old Ficulea, Cameria, Crustumerium, Ameriola, Medullia and Nomentum. Tarquinius completes the City Wall. The sons of Ancus murders Tarquinius.
615 BC Alyattes of Lydia plunders Milesia. The temple of Minerva Assessia burns down by accident. Alyatteas falls sick. The Delphian oracle declares that the temple of Minerva must be rebuilt. Alyattes makes peace with Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus. Alyattes builds two temples to Minerva.
585 BC Cyaxeres of Medes dies. His son Astyages becomes king of Media.
579 BC Servius Tullius takes the throne afteer is father-in-law. War breaks out with Veii. Servius draes up five classes after property owned.
564 BC Croesus conquers the Phrygians, Mysians, Mariandynians, Chalybians, Paphlagonians, Thynian and Bithynian Thracians, Carians, Ionians, Dorians, Aeolians and Pamphylians.
564 BC King Alyattes of Lydia dies. His son Croesus, succeds him. Croesus first attacks Ephesus and afterwards every Ionian and Aeolian states, conquering all the Greek cities in Asia. Croesus makes a league of amity with the Ionians of the isles. Alyattes' tomb is one of the wonders of the world.
552 BC Atys, son of Croesus, is killed by accident on a boar hunt by Adrastus son of Gordias, son of Midas.
550 BC The Persians revolts under Cyrus, daugther-son of Astyages of Medes. The Median army defect to Cyrus. Astyages is defeated and captured.
546 BC Harpagus, another of Cyrus' generals, conquers the rest of Ionia, except Miletus, which makes terms with Cyrus. He proceeds to take Caria, Caunus and Lycia.
546 BC The Ionians under Pactyas make war against Cyrus of Persia. They lay siege to Sardis. Cyrus sends his general Mazares. Pactyas flees to Cyme, but later falls into the hands of Mazares. Mazares takes Priene, the plain of Maeander and Magnesia, but then sickens and die.
546 BC Croesus of Lydia attacks Persia. He takes Sinope, but is defeated by Cyrus. Croesus marces back to Sardis and disbands his army. Cyrus invades Lydia, defeats Croesus and lay siege to Sardis. Sardis falls after fourteen days. Croesus is captured.
539 BC Cyrus of Persia defeats the Babylonians under Labynetus and captures Babylon after a siege.
534 BC Lucius Tarquinius Superbus kills Servvius and takes the throne for himself. He gains suzerainty over all the Latins. Lucius Tarquinius takes Pomptine Suessa from the Volscians. He takes the city of Gabii with deciet. Tarquinius makes peace with the Aequi and the Etruscans. War is declared against the Rutulians. Tarquinius fails to take Ardea by assault and start besieging the city. Rome revolts under the leaderships of Lucius Junius Brutus, and Tarquinius is banished. Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus are elected consuls.
511 BC Telys become leader in Sybaris. He expels the five hundred wealthiest citizens. The exiles take refuge in Croton. Because of this, war breaks out between Croton and Sybaris. The Crotoniates under the command of the Olympic athlete Milo, defeats the Sybarites and destroyes the city entirely.
509 BC A conspiration to put Tarquinius on the throne again, fails. After the appeals of Tarquinius, the people of Veii and Tarquinii attack Rome. Brutus and Arruns Tarquinius slay each other. The Veientes flees. The Tarquinii retreats.
508 BC At the urging of Tarquinius, king Porsena of Clusium attacks Rome. He lays siege to the City. After the deeds of C. Mucius, peace is made between Porsena and Rome.
505 BC The consuls M. Valerius and P. Postumius defeats the Sabines.
504 BC Attius Clausus, afterwards known as Appius Claudius, flees to Rome from the Sabines. The consuls P. Valerius and T. Lucretius defeats the Sabines
503 BC The latin colonies of Pometia and Cora revolts to the Aurunacans.
502 BC Pometia surrenders.
501 BC The thirty Latin towns form a league against Rome. T. Lartius is appointed Dictator.
499 BC Fidenae is besieged and Crustumeria is captured. Praeneste revolts from the Latins to Rome
498 BC The Latin war breaks out. The Dictator A. Postumius defeats the Latins at Lake Regillus.
497 BC The festival of the Saturnalia is instituted.
495 BC The consul Publius Servilius Priscus Structus defeats the Volscians and capture Suessa Pometia. Peace is made with the Volscians of Ecetra. The Sabines are defeated. The Auruncans are defeated at Aricia.
495 BC Tarquinius dies at Cuma. The Volscians are defeated. The Volscians and the Hernicans form an alliance against Rome. Peace is made with the Latins.
494 BC Great unrest in Rome because of the greats debts owned to the patricians. The Aequi invades Latin territory. The consul Vetusius forces the Aequi to withdraw. The other consul, Verginius, defeats the Volscians, and capture Velitrae. The Dictator, M. Valerius, defeats the Sabines. Velitrae is annexed and colonised.
493 BC To appease the plebs, the office of "tribune of the plebs" is created. A treaty is concluded with the Latin towns. The Volscians are routed from Antium. The Volscian towns of Longula, Polusca and Corioli are captured.
492 BC Famine in Rome. A colony at Norba is founded.
488 BC The Volscians under Attius Tullius and Cn. Marcius, make war against Rome. Tullus retakes Cerceii, Satricum, Longula, Polusca and Corioli. Marching into Latin territory, he takes Lavinium, Corbia, Vetellia, Trebium Labici and Pedum. The armies of the Volscians and Aequi destroy each other in a bloody battle.
487 BC The Hernici are subjugated. The campaign against the Volscians ends indecisively
486 BC A treaty with the Hernici is concluded. The Hernici lose two-thirds of their territory. Consul Spurius Cassius propose the Agrarian Law. This results in great dissensions between patricians and plebs the following years.
484 BC The Aequi and Volscians are defeated
483 BC War begin with Veii and the Volscians.
482 BC War begins with the Aequi.
481 BC A attempt by tribune Sp. Licinius to stop enrolment to force through the Agrarian Law, fails.
480 BC The Carthaginians, under their general Hamilcar, invades Sicily. He lands at Panormus, after losing some of his ships at sea. He marches against Himera and lays siege to the city. Theron, ruler of the Acragantini sends word to Gelon of Syracuse for aid. Hamilcar is slain in a Syracuse raid, and Gelon defeats the leaderless Carthaginian army. Gelon makes peace with Carthage.
480 BC A attempt by tribune Tiberius Pontificius to stop enrolment to force through the Agrarian Law, fails. The Veientines and the Etruscans are defeated.
479 BC The Fabii declare that they will make the war against the Veii their personal matter.
478 BC King Gelon of Syracuse dies. He is succeded by his eldest brother Hieron. Work is begun to rebuild the Athenian city walls. Sparta protests and Themistocles is sent as ambassador. He delays the Lacedaemonian long enough so that the walls are finished before Sparta can take action.
478 BC The Etruscans are defeated at the Cremera.
477 BC Themistocles begins the work to make the Peiraeus into a harbour. Pausanias is appointed general of the Lacedaemonian fleet to liberate the Greek cities still under Persian rule. He takes Cyprus and Byzantium. It is discovered that Pausanuas is in league with Xerxes of Persia. Pausanias takes refuge in the temple of Athena where he starves to death. The Aegan naval confederacy, with Athen in the lead, is formed. At the advise of Aristeides, the temple of Apollo on the island of Delos is designated as the common treasury. Aristeides fix sum each city is to contribute.
477 BC The Veientines ambush the Fabii and cut them down to a man. The consul T. Menenius is defeated by the Etruscans. The other consul, C. Horatius, defeats the Etruscans.
476 BC King Leotychides of Sparta dies. He is succeded by Archidamus. Anaxilas, tyrant Rhegum an Zancle, dies. He is succeded by Micythus who is to rule until the sons of Anaxilas come to age. Sybaris is besieged by the Crotoniates. Hieron of Syracuse send plans to send his brother Polyzelus to their aid. He suspects that Hieron wants him dead and takes refuge with Theron of Acragas. Himeran ambassadors tells Hieron they will join him in his war against Theron. Hieron betrays the Himerans to Theron, who puts many of them to death. Polyzelus is restored to his former favour. Hieron removes the people of Naxos and Catana to Leontini, and settles his own people in Naxos and Catana. Catana is renamed Aetna. Cimon the son of Miltiades is elected as general over the Athenian forces. He takes Eion, Scyros and Dolopes.
476 BC The Veientines are defeated.
475 BC In Sparta, the Gerousia deciedes not to make war against Athens for the command of the sea.
475 BC Veii forms a league with the Sabines. Consul P. Valerius defeates the Sabines, and take Veii. The Latins and the Hernici defeats the Volscians and Aequi.
474 BC Syracuse aids Cumae against the Tyrrhenians. The Tyrrhenians are defeated in a naval battle.
474 BC A fourty years' truce are granted to Veii
473 BC War breaks out between Tarentum and the Iapygians. Tarentum is aided by Rhegium. In the following battle the Iapygians are victorius.
473 BC The tribune Genucius is murdered by the patricians.
472 BC Theron of Acragas dies. He is succeded by his son Thrasydaeus. War breaks out between Acragas and Syracuse. King Hieron of Syracuse is victorius. Thrasudaeus is expelled. He flees to Nisaean Megara, where he is put to death. Acragas secures peace with Hieron.
472 BC The tribune Volero proposes thath the tribunes should be elected by the Assembly of the Tribes.
471 BC The Eleians unite and form the state Elis. Themistocles is ostracized. He flees to Argos. Micythus of Rhegium and Zancle founds the city of Pyxus
471 BC The Law, making the tribunes elected by the Assembly of the Tribes, is passed. War breaks out against the Volscians and Aequi. Consul Appius Claudius is defeated by the Volsians.
470 BC Themistocles is accused of treachery by the Lacedaemonians. He flees from Argos to Admetus, king of the Molossians, and then further to Asia where he is granted refuge at the court of Xerxes.
470 BC Consul Aemilius lays waste to Sabine territory.
469 BC War with the Volscians and the Aequi. Consul T. Numicius Priscus takes Caeno from the Antiates.
468 BC War breaks out between Argos and Mycenae. The Argives storm Mycenae. The city is razed and the Mycenaeans are sold into slavery.
468 BC The Volscians are defeated. Antium surrenders to the Romans
467 BC Cimon persuades the Carian and Lycian cities to revolt against the Persians. He defeats the Persian fleet under Tithraustes at Cyprus, and then a Persian army on the bank of the Eurymedon River. Micythus surrenders the rule of Zancle and Rhegium to the sons of Anaxilas. King Hieron of Syracuse dies. He is succeded by his brother Thrasybulus.
467 BC A colony is settled at Antium. Peace is made with the Aequi, but they later break it by a incursion into Latin territory.
466 BC The Syracusan revolts against Thrasybulus. He retreats with his supporters to Achradine. The Syracusans gain the aid of Gela, Acragas, Selinus and Himera. Thrasybulus is defeated both at land and sea. He is allowed to retreat to exile in Locri.
465 BC King Xerxes is killed in his bed by Artabanus, captain of the royal guard, and Mithridates, the kings chamberlain. Artabanus tells Artaxerxes, the second son, that Darius, the eldest son, had slain Xerxes. Therefore Artaxerxes and the guard slay Darius. Artabanus then tries to kill Artaxerxes, but is instead himself killed. Artaxerxes becomes king of Persia.
465 BC Consuls Q. Fabius and T. Quinctius defeats the Aequi at Mount Algidus.
464 BC Earthquakes in Sparta. The Helots and the Messenians revolts agianst Sparta. The Thasians and the Aeginetans revolts against Athens. The Thasians are forced to capitulate. The Athenians colonise Amphipolis in Thrace.
464 BC The Aequi gain support from the Volscians of Ecetra. The Romans, supported by Latin and Hernican troops, defeats the Aequi.
463 BC The Egyptians revolts against Persia under the leadership of Inaros. Inaros sends ambassadors to Athens. Civil war in Syracuse as the mercenaries brought into the city by Gelon revolts.
463 BC A pestilence strucks Rome. The Aequi and Volscians unite and ravages Hernici territory. They continue into Roman territory
462 BC Themistocles dies in Persia. Artaxerxes appoints his uncle Achaemenes as commander of the Persian forces in the war against the Egyptians. The Egyptians with the aid of the Athenians defeats the Persians. The Persians retreats to White Fortress in Memphis. An attempt by Artaxerxes to make the Lacedaemons make war against Athens fails. Artaxerxes places Artabazus and Megabazus in command of a new army to be sent against the Egyptians.
462 BC Consul L. Lucretius defeats the Volscians.
461 BC The Syracusans defeats the rebel mercenaries. Ducetius, leader of the Siceli, attacks Catana. He recives aid from Syracuse, and the Catanians are defeated and expelled. The original inhabitants return to Catana. The sons of Anaxilas are expelled from Rhegium and Zancle. The cities of Sicily make peace with each other. The mercenaries are allowed to settle in Messenia.
461 BC Great unrest in the City because of the tribunes attempt to pass a law regulating the powers of the consuls.
460 BC Artabazus and Megabazus brake the siege of the White Fortress. They come to terms with the Egyptians. A truce is made with the Athenians, and they departs Egypt for Athens. Ephialtes tries to curtail the power of the Council of the Areopagus, but is assassinated.
460 BC Appius Herdonius seizes the Capitol and the Citadel in an attempt to free the slaves. Herdonius is defeated with help from Tusculum. Consul P. Valerius is slain in the battle.
459 BC War breaks out between the Corinthians and Epidaurinas on the one hand and the Athenians on the other. The Athenians are first victorius at Halieis and then at Cecryphaleia. Under their general Leocrates the Athenians defeats Aegina at sea. The Aeginetans are forced to join the league, and pay tribute to Athens. Ducetius, king of the Siceli, founds Menaenum. He defeats Morgantina.
459 BC Consul Q. Fabius Vibulanus defeats the Volscians at Antium and the Aequi at Tusculum. The Aequi sue for and obtain peace.
458 BC War between Corinth and Megara. Megara allies with Athens. Athens sends troops under Myronides. The Athenians are victorius at Cimolia. War between the Phocians and the Dorians. The Dorians recieve aid from the Lacedaemonians under Nicomedes. Nicomedes is victorius and makes peace between the Phocians and the Dorians. Battle at Tanagra in Boeotia with the Lacedaemonians against the Athenians, Argives and Thessalians. The Thessalians deserst to the Lacedaemonians. The battle ends undecided.
458 BC The Aequi under Gracchus Cloelius makes incurson into the territories of Labici and Tusclum. War begins with the Sabines. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus is appointed Dictator. He defeats the Aequi at Algidus. M. Volscius is exiled to Lanuvium. Consul Nautius defeats the Sabines at Eretum.
457 BC Thebes allies with Sparta in order to regain the hegemony over Boeotia. Myronides marches into Boeotians. He takes Tanagara by siege and levels its wall. He breaks up the Boeotian League. Myronides defeats the Boeotians at Oenophyta. He subdues the Locrians and the Phocians.
457 BC The Aequi takes Corbio and Ortona. It is decided that ten tribunes should be elected, but a tribune can not be reelected twice. Consul C. Horatius Pulvillus defeats the Aequi at Algidus and recapture Corbio and Ortona. He destroys Corbio.

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